Flu 2024/2025: What Symptoms Does It Cause and What Are the Best Treatments

One of the most important indicators for predicting the impact of the flu season is observing what has happened in Australia, where winter has just ended.

"In Australia, we witnessed the second most severe flu season of the last 10 years," explains Pregliasco.

The predominant virus was AH3N2, a variant of the flu virus known for being particularly immune-evasive, meaning it can evade part of the immune system's defenses. This suggests that in Europe and Italy, we may face a similar flu season.

Climate is a key factor in the spread of respiratory viruses: "If cold weather arrives early and is intense and prolonged, we will see a higher prevalence of the flu itself. However, if there are temperature fluctuations, parainfluenza viruses such as adenoviruses, metapneumoviruses, and rhinoviruses will prevail," clarifies the professor.

Distinguishing the flu from other respiratory viruses is essential for a correct diagnosis. The actual flu presents with specific symptoms, such as:

• A sudden onset of fever over 38°C (100.4°F);
• At least one respiratory symptom (cough, runny nose, red eyes);
• At least one general symptom such as muscle and joint pain.

In contrast, other viral forms, such as rhinovirus, only cause a common cold or milder symptoms. COVID-19, on the other hand, presents itself differently compared to other viruses and can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild to severe.

Although the COVID-19 pandemic is now in an endemic phase, the virus continues to circulate. "We already observed an increase in COVID-19 cases in July, and we know that this virus follows cycles of 4-6 months. So, we expect a rise in cases in the coming months, coinciding with flu season," says Pregliasco.

The good news is that thanks to vaccinations and hybrid immunity (due to both vaccinations and previous infections), COVID-19 is no longer as severe as it once was. However, it remains a dangerous disease for vulnerable individuals, just like the flu.

For this reason, it is important that at-risk individuals continue to get tested if they experience respiratory symptoms.

"In the case of a positive COVID-19 test, a specific antiviral medication for the Sars-CoV-2 infection can be administered, which, if taken promptly, can prevent severe complications," Pregliasco reminds us.

Prevention is key to safely facing the flu season. The flu vaccine is recommended and will be available from the beginning of October until the end of November.

“Today, there are different types of vaccines, such as the nasal spray for younger people," says the expert. "The flu vaccine is offered free of charge to at-risk categories, such as:

• the elderly;
• people with chronic conditions;
• healthcare workers;
• essential service workers.

Similarly, it is important to consider getting vaccinated against COVID-19, especially for those in the most vulnerable categories.”

For children between 6 months and 6 years, the flu vaccination is recommended, especially for those who are vulnerable. Even in healthy children, the flu can cause complications, such as bacterial superinfections, not to mention issues related to school absenteeism.

Prof. Pregliasco suggests 5 rules to effectively handle the flu season and reduce the risk of contagion:

1. Common Sense: Be mindful of temperature fluctuations, use masks in case of symptoms or when in the presence of vulnerable individuals, and maintain hand hygiene.

2. Flu and COVID Vaccination: Vaccination is especially recommended for vulnerable individuals and the elderly.

3. Responsible Self-Medication: It's important to take over-the-counter medications only under the guidance of a doctor or pharmacist, avoiding the temptation to excessively suppress symptoms. Misuse of medications can actually slow recovery and increase the risk of complications.

4. COVID-19 Testing: Recommended for vulnerable individuals and the elderly showing symptoms, so that a specific antiviral medication can be administered if needed.

5. No to Antibiotic Abuse: 99% of respiratory infections are caused by viruses, not bacteria.