What is Dysmorphism and How to Treat It?

The term dysmorphia refers to a condition characterized by an excessive concern over minor physical imperfections, which are typically unnoticed by others.

As specialists explain, this is a disorder currently classified within the diagnostic grouping of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Those affected focus their attention on specific parts of the face or body. Often, the imperfections, negligible to others but perceived as true deformities by the person, involve:

• the shape and size of the body;
• features of the nose, eyes, eyelids, eyebrows, but also ears, mouth, cheeks, or other body parts.

This persistent preoccupation with the perceived defect is often accompanied by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety, such as:

• frequently looking at oneself in the mirror;
• seeking excessive reassurance from others about one’s physical appearance;
• inappropriate use of cosmetics;
• engaging in social avoidance behaviors.

Often, individuals with these characteristics seek out plastic surgeons for cosmetic procedures, which, unfortunately, prove unsatisfactory to the person with dysmorphia, as the corrections are invariably seen as insufficient.

Vigorexia: the obsession with a sculpted body

A specific form of dysmorphia is vigorexia, also known as muscle dysmorphia, characterized by dissatisfaction with one’s body shape, perceived as too small, insufficiently muscular, or inadequately defined.

“In this case as well,” explain Prof. Fossati and Dr. Somma, “this is a condition that can lead to a decline in the individual’s quality of life, as they spend most of their time training, sometimes neglecting academic, professional, and/or social commitments.”

Another risk of vigorexia is compulsive training, which prevents the person from ever feeling satisfied and poses additional health risks.

Tanorexia: when tanning becomes a must

Among the conditions centered on body image is tanorexia. This term refers to problematic behavior driven by excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation, whether from sunlight or tanning beds, to achieve the perfect tan.

Again, the achieved result is always seen as unsatisfactory, leading to an endless quest for sun exposure, with consequences that are far from positive for skin health.

“It’s not just during summer that those suffering from tanorexia dedicate much of their time and energy to tanning; tanning beds become an essential part of life for those with these characteristics,” the specialists emphasize.

In this case too, the physical health consequences are accompanied by negative personal repercussions, such as neglecting responsibilities and relationships to dedicate all free time to tanning.

Prof. Fossati and Dr. Somma explain that, as with other mental disorders, there is no single identifiable cause behind these conditions. Instead, a multitude of factors and co-factors contribute to the development and maintenance of these conditions.

Personality traits, for instance, play a role: individuals who are prone to experiencing negative and anxiety-related emotions intensely and frequently may be more predisposed to developing these conditions.

“Life circumstances and potentially stressful events, which can act as significant triggers for these conditions, must also not be overlooked,” the specialists emphasize.

Social pressures, such as the unattainable standards of perfection often portrayed, can also become stereotypes that risk trapping individuals in thought patterns and behaviors that prevent them from leading fulfilling lives.

All the conditions mentioned share a common challenge: difficulty in accessing treatment. Often, those exhibiting these characteristics do not directly seek the help of a mental health specialist.

“Often,” explains Prof. Fossati, “the first specialist contact involves a plastic surgeon or dermatologist for dysmorphic disorder, a nutritionist or orthopedist for muscle dysmorphia, and a dermatologist for tanorexia.”

There are various psychological and psychotherapeutic treatments currently available for these conditions, supported by evidence of efficacy.

“Often,” adds Dr. Somma, “cognitive-behavioral therapies are used, focusing on techniques effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and behavioral addictions. These approaches help individuals regain control over problematic manifestations.”